Artcard for the control of the operation of a camera device

ABSTRACT

The digital camera includes an image sensor for sensing an image; a memory device for storing the sensed image and associated system structures; a card reader sensor for the insertion of an image modification data module for modification of the sensed image; and a processor interconnected to the image sensor, the memory device and the card reader sensor for the control of the camera in addition to the manipulation of the sensed image. The camera further includes a printer for printing out the sensed image on demand on print media; and includes a method of providing an image modification data module adapted to cause the processor to modify the operation of the digital camera upon the insertion of further image modification modules. The image modification data module can comprise a card having the data encoded in two dimensions on the surface thereof and the data encoding is in the form of printing and the card reader sensor includes an optical scanner for scanning a surface of the card. The modification of operation can include applying each image modification in turn of a series of inserted image modification modules to the same image in a repetitive manner.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The following Australian provisional patent applications are hereby incorporated by cross-reference. For the purposes of location and identification, US patent applications identified by their US patent application serial numbers (USSN) are listed alongside the Australian applications from which the US patent applications claim the right of priority.

U.S. PATENT/PATENT APPLICATION CROSS-REFERENCED (CLAIMING RIGHT AUSTRALIAN OF PRIORITY FROM PROVISIONAL PATENT AUSTRALIAN PROVISIONAL DOCKET APPLICATION NO. APPLICATION) NO. PO7991 09/113,060 ART01 PO8505 09/113,070 ART02 PO7988 09/113,073 ART03 PO9395 09/112,748 ART04 PO8017 09/112,747 ART06 PO8014 09/112,776 ART07 PO8025 09/112,750 ART08 PO8032 09/112,746 ART09 PO7999 09/112,743 ART10 PO7998 09/112,742 ART11 PO8031 09/112,741 ART12 PO8030 09/112,740 ART13 PO7997 09/112,739 ART15 PO7979 09/113,053 ART16 PO8015 09/112,738 ART17 PO7978 09/113,067 ART18 PO7982 09/113,063 ART19 PO7989 09/113,069 ART20 PO8019 09/112,744 ART21 PO7980 09/113,058 ART22 PO8018 09/112,777 ART24 PO7938 09/113,224 ART25 PO8016 09/112,804 ART26 PO8024 09/112,805 ART27 PO7940 09/113,072 ART28 PO7939 09/112,785 ART29 PO8501 09/112,797 ART30 PO8500 09/112,796 ART31 PO7987 09/113,071 ART32 PO8022 09/112,824 ART33 PO8497 09/113,090 ART34 PO8020 09/112,823 ART38 PO8023 09/113,222 ART39 PO8504 09/112,786 ART42 PO8000 09/113,051 ART43 PO7977 09/112,782 ART44 PO7934 09/113,056 ART45 PO7990 09/113,059 ART46 PO8499 09/113,091 ART47 PO8502 09/112,753 ART48 PO7981 09/113,055 ART50 PO7986 09/113,057 ART51 PO7983 09/113,054 ART52 PO8026 09/112,752 ART53 PO8027 09/112,759 ART54 PO8028 09/112,757 ART56 PO9394 09/112,758 ART57 PO9396 09/113,107 ART58 PO9397 09/112,829 ART59 PO9398 09/112,792 ART60 PO9399 6,106,147 ART61 PO9400 09/112,790 ART62 PO9401 09/112,789 ART63 PO9402 09/112,788 ART64 PO9403 09/112,795 ART65 PO9405 09/112,749 ART66 PP0959 09/112,784 ART68 PP1397 09/112,783 ART69 PP2370 09/112,781 DOT01 PP2371 09/113,052 DOT02 PO8003 09/112,834 Fluid01 PO8005 09/113,103 Fluid02 PO9404 09/113,101 Fluid03 PO8066 09/112,751 IJ01 PO8072 09/112,787 IJ02 PO8040 09/112,802 IJ03 PO8071 09/112,803 IJ04 PO8047 09/113,097 IJ05 PO8035 09/113,099 IJ06 PO8044 09/113,084 IJ07 PO8063 09/113,066 IJ08 PO8057 09/112,778 IJ09 PO8056 09/112,779 IJ10 PO8069 09/113,077 IJ11 PO8049 09/113,061 IJ12 PO8036 09/112,818 IJ13 PO8048 09/112,816 IJ14 PO8070 09/112,772 IJ15 PO8067 09/112,819 IJ16 PO8001 09/112,815 IJ17 PO8038 09/113,096 IJ18 PO8033 09/113,068 IJ19 PO8002 09/113,095 IJ20 PO8068 09/112,808 IJ21 PO8062 09/112,809 IJ22 PO8034 09/112,780 IJ23 PO8039 09/113,083 IJ24 PO8041 09/113,121 IJ25 PO8004 09/113,122 IJ26 PO8037 09/112,793 IJ27 PO8043 09/112,794 IJ28 PO8042 09/113,128 IJ29 PO8064 09/113,127 IJ30 PO9389 09/112,756 IJ31 PO9391 09/112,755 IJ32 PP0888 09/112,754 IJ33 PP0891 09/112,811 IJ34 PP0890 09/112,812 IJ35 PP0873 09/112,813 IJ36 PP0993 09/112,814 IJ37 PP0890 09/112,764 IJ38 PP1398 09/112,765 IJ39 PP2592 09/112,767 IJ40 PP2593 09/112,768 IJ41 PP3991 09/112,807 IJ42 PP3987 09/112,806 IJ43 PP3985 09/112,820 IJ44 PP3983 09/112,821 IJ45 PO7935 09/112,822 IJM01 PO7936 09/112,825 IJM02 PO7937 09/112,826 IJM03 PO8061 09/112,827 IJM04 PO8054 09/112,828 IJM05 PO8065 6,071,750 IJM06 PO8055 09/113,108 IJM07 PO8053 09/113,109 IJM08 PO8078 09/113,123 IJM09 PO7933 09/113,114 IJM10 PO7950 09/113,115 IJM11 PO7949 09/113,129 IJM12 PO8060 09/113,124 IJM13 PO8059 09/113,125 IJM14 PO8073 09/113,126 IJM15 PO8076 09/113,119 IJM16 PO8075 09/113,120 IJM17 PO8079 09/113,221 IJM18 PO8050 09/113,116 IJM19 PO8052 09/113,118 IJM20 PO7948 09/113,117 IJM21 PO7951 09/113,113 IJM22 PO8074 09/113,130 IJM23 PO7941 09/113,110 IJM24 PO8077 09/113,112 IJM25 PO8058 09/113,087 IJM26 PO8051 09/113,074 IJM27 PO8045 6,110,754 IJM28 PO7952 09/113,088 IJM29 PO8046 09/112,771 IJM30 PO9390 09/112,769 IJM31 PO9392 09/112,770 IJM32 PP0889 09/112,798 IJM35 PP0887 09/112,801 IJM36 PP0882 09/112,800 IJM37 PP0874 09/112,799 IJM38 PP1396 09/113,098 IJM39 PP3989 09/112,833 IJM40 PP2591 09/112,832 IJM41 PP3990 09/112,831 IJM42 PP3986 09/112,830 IJM43 PP3984 09/112,836 IJM44 PP3982 09/112,835 IJM45 PP0895 09/113,102 IR01 PP0870 09/113,106 IR02 PP0869 09/113,105 IR04 PP0887 09/113,104 IR05 PP0885 09/112,810 IR06 PP0884 09/112,766 IR10 PP0886 09/113,085 IR12 PP0871 09/113,086 IR13 PP0876 09/113,094 IR14 PP0877 09/112,760 IR16 PP0878 09/112,773 IR17 PP0879 09/112,774 IR18 PP0883 09/112,775 IR19 PP0880 6,152,619 IR20 PP0881 09/113,092 IR21 PO8006 6,087,638 MEMS02 PO8007 09/113,093 MEMS03 PO8008 09/113,062 MEMS04 PO8010 6,041,600 MEMS05 PO8011 09/113,082 MEMS06 PO7947 6,067,797 MEMS07 PO7944 09/113,080 MEMS09 PO7946 6,044,646 MEMS10 PO9393 09/113,065 MEMS11 PP0875 09/113,078 MEMS12 PP0894 09/113,075 MEMS13

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the operation of a digital camera device for the production of useful effects. In particular, the present invention relates to the utilisation of special cards, hereinafter called “Meta-Artcards” which are adapted to be inserted into a camera device so as to produce new and unusual effects. In particular, there is provided an Artcard for the Control of the operation of a camera device.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In Australian provisional patent specification PO7991 entitled “Image Processing Method and Apparatus (Art 01)” filed Jul. 15, 1997 and Australian provisional patent specification PO8505 entitled “Image Processing Method and Apparatus (Art 01a)” filed Aug. 11, 1997, filed by the present applicant in addition to a number of associated applications filed simultaneously therewith, there is disclosed a camera system able to print out images on demand through the utilisation of an internal print head and print roll having a print media film in addition to an internal ink supply for utilisation by said camera system.

The aforementioned specifications further disclose the utilisation of a series of cards, hereinafter known as “Artcards” which are adapted to be inserted into the camera device so as to produce significant visual effects to any images captured utilising the camera device. The effects are further designed to be printed out on demand utilising the integral internal print head of the camera device.

It would be advantageous to have a system which allowed for the effective servicing and diagnosis of faults which may occur in the aforementioned camera systems. Additionally, it would be desirable to provide an alternative form for control of the camera which utilises the forgoing Artcard technologies.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a series of meta cards which are adapted to uniquely control the operation of a camera device system such as that disclosed in the aforementioned patent specifications.

In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a digital camera system comprising an image sensor for sensing an image; storage means for storing the sensed image and associated system structures; data input means for the insertion of an image modification data module for modification of the sensed image; processor means interconnected to the image sensor, the storage means and the data input means for the control of the camera system in addition to the manipulation of the sensed image; printer means for printing out the sensed image on demand on print media supplied to the printer means; and a method of providing a camera control data module adapted to cause the processor means to modify the manner in which the digital camera system operates upon the insertion of further image modification data modules.

Preferably, the image modification data module comprises a card having the data encoded on the surface thereof and the data encoding is in the form of printing and the data input means includes an optical scanner for scanning a surface of the card. The modification of operation can include applying each image modification in turn of a series of inserted image modification modules to the same image in a cumulative manner.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic of the operation of an Artcam system;

FIG. 2 illustrates a first example modified operation of a Artcam system;

FIG. 3 illustrates a repetition card which modifies the operation of that Artcam device;

FIG. 4 illustrates a Artcard test card for modification of the operation of an Artcam device; and

FIG. 5 illustrates the output test results of an Artcam device.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED AND OTHER EMBODIMENTS

The preferred embodiment is preferably implemented through suitable programming of a hand held camera device such as that described in Australian Provisional Patent Application No. PO7991 entitled “Image Processing Method and Apparatus (Art 01)” filed Jul. 15, 1997 with a large number of associated applications in addition to Australian Provisional patent Application No. PO8505 entitled “Image Processing Method and Apparatus (Art 01a)” filed th Aug. 11, 1997, again with a number of associated applications.

The aforementioned patent specification discloses a camera system, hereinafter known as an “Artcam” type camera, wherein sensed images can be directly printed out by an Artcam portable camera unit. Further, the aforementioned specification discloses means and methods for performing various manipulations on images captured by the camera sensing device leading to the production of various effects in any output image. The manipulations are disclosed to be highly flexible in nature and can be implemented through the insertion into the Artcam of cards having encoded thereon various instructions for the manipulation of images, the cards hereinafter being known as Artcards. The Artcam further has significant onboard processing power by an Artcam Central Processor unit (ACP) which is interconnected to a memory device for the storage of important data and images.

The basics of the aforementioned Artcam arrangement are indicated in schematic form 1 in FIG. 1. The arrangement includes a CCD sensor 2 for sensing an image or scene. Additionally, an Artcard reader sensor 3 is provided for sensing the reading of an Artcard 8 upon which is encoded image manipulation algorithms for manipulation for the sensed image. Both the CCD sensor 2 and Artcard reader 3 are interconnected to an Artcard central processing unit (ACP) 4 which provides complex computational power for manipulation of the sensed image. Additionally, a memory unit 5 is provided for the storage of images, sensed data, programs etc. Interconnected to the ACP 4 is a print head 6 for the printing out of final photos 7 on print media supplied from an internal print roll.

In the preferred embodiments, a unique series of Artcards 8 are provided for insertion into Artcard reader 3 for the unique modified control of the Artcam central processor 4. A first example is as illustrated with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3 and provides for the utilisation of multiple Artcards so as to provide overlapping or multiplicative image effects. A suitable replicative Artcard is as illustrated 10 in FIG. 3 which contains on one surface thereof instructions on how to operate the camera device so as to cause the effects to be combined. The Artcard 10 contains, on the second surface thereof, instructions for the operation of the Artcam device so as to cause the combining effect. Turning to FIG. 2, there is illustrated an example of the operation of the repetition card so as to produce combined effects. The Artcam system will have a sensed or stored image 12 of a particular scene. The first step is to insert a repetition card 13 which contains a code to modify the operation of the Artcam system so as to enter a repetition mode. Next, a first Artcard 14 is inserted in the Artcard reader which results in a first effect 15 being applied to the image in accordance with the instructions on the Artcard 14. Next, the repetition card is again inserted 16 followed by a second Artcard 17 which, produces a second effect 18 which can, for example, be the placement of a text message on the image 18. Next, the repetition card is again inserted 19 before a third Artcard 20 is inserted so as to provide a further effect in the image 21. The process of FIG. 2 can be iteratively continued in accordance with requirements so as to produce a desired output image. In this way, the apparatus of the aforementioned patent specification can be utilised with an increased flexibility for the production of combined effects from single effect Artcards. Further, the user interface provided is simple and effective for the production of combined effects. Of course, many modifications can be provided. For example, in an alternative embodiment, the repetition card may only be inserted once and then a series of Artcards is inserted subsequent to the repetition card being inserted with the system resilient after printout.

Turning now to FIG. 4, there is illustrated an alternative Artcard 30 which is provided for internal testing of the Artcam system. Each Artcam system can be provided with a number of internal test routines which are stored in the internal ROM of the Artcam system. The test can be accessed by specialised function calls in the interpretive language provided within the Artcam central processor. The routines can be Artcam device specific and can, for example, include:

the printing out of test patterns to determine the operational state of the print head;

the printing out of test patterns which result in the operational manipulation of the print head (for example, printing all black) so as to clean nozzles and to set up nozzle arrangements which result in improved operation of the print head;

test patterns can be printed for later analysis so as to show the effectiveness of the operation of the print head;

Turning to FIG. 5, there is illustrated an example test output 35 which can include various informative internal data 36 in addition to the printing out of test patterns 37. The test patterns 37 can later be examined by means of automated or manual methods to determine any problems which may exist with the camera system. The preferred embodiment can be implemented through the utilisation of hard wired software routines programmed in the Artcam device and stored in ROM memory.

Of course, many refinements can be envisaged in that the routines can be updated and changed from model to model and the number of tests is virtually unlimited. In this way, the operation of the camera device can be modified in accordance with the inserted card.

It would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the present invention as shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive.

Ink Jet Technologies

The embodiments of the invention use an ink jet printer type device. Of course many different devices could be used. However presently popular ink jet printing technologies are unlikely to be suitable.

The most significant problem with thermal ink jet is power consumption. This is approximately 100 times that required for high speed, and stems from the energy-inefficient means of drop ejection. This involves the rapid boiling of water to produce a vapor bubble which expels the ink. Water has a very high heat capacity, and must be superheated in thermal ink jet applications. This leads to an efficiency of around 0.02%, from electricity input to drop momentum (and increased surface area) out.

The most significant problem with piezoelectric ink jet is size and cost. Piezoelectric crystals have a very small deflection at reasonable drive voltages, and therefore require a large area for each nozzle. Also, each piezoelectric actuator must be connected to its drive circuit on a separate substrate. This is not a significant problem at the current limit of around 300 nozzles per print head, but is a major impediment to the fabrication of pagewidth print heads with 19,200 nozzles.

Ideally, the ink jet technologies used meet the stringent requirements of in-camera digital color printing and other high quality, high speed, low cost printing applications. To meet the requirements of digital photography, new ink jet technologies have been created. The target features include:

low power (less than 10 Watts)

high resolution capability (1,600 dpi or more)

photographic quality output

low manufacturing cost

small size (pagewidth times minimum cross section)

high speed (<2 seconds per page).

All of these features can be met or exceeded by the ink jet systems described below with differing levels of difficulty. Forty-five different ink jet technologies have been developed by the Assignee to give a wide range of choices for high volume manufacture. These technologies form part of separate applications assigned to the present Assignee as set out in the list under the heading Cross References to Related Applications.

The ink jet designs shown here are suitable for a wide range of digital printing systems, from battery powered one-time use digital cameras, through to desktop and network printers, and-through to commercial printing systems

For ease of manufacture using standard process equipment, the print head is designed to be a monolithic 0.5 micron CMOS chip with MEMS post processing. For color photographic applications, the print head is 100 mm long, with a width which depends upon the ink jet type. The smallest print head designed is covered in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/112,764, which is 0.35 mm wide, giving a chip area of 35 square mm. The print heads each contain 19,200 nozzles plus data and control circuitry.

Ink is supplied to the back of the print head by injection molded plastic ink channels. The molding requires 50 micron features, which can be created using a lithographically micromachined insert in a standard injection molding tool. Ink flows through holes etched through the wafer to the nozzle chambers fabricated on the front surface of the wafer. The print head is connected to the camera circuitry by tape automated bonding.

Tables of Drop-on-Demand Ink Jets

The present invention is useful in the field of digital printing, in particular, ink jet printing. A number of patent applications in this field were filed simultaneously and incorporated by cross reference.

Eleven important characteristics of the fundamental operation of individual ink jet nozzles have been identified. These characteristics are largely orthogonal, and so can be elucidated as an eleven dimensional matrix. Most of the eleven axes of this matrix include entries developed by the present assignee.

The following tables form the axes of an eleven dimensional table of ink jet types.

Actuator mechanism (18 types)

Basic operation mode (7 types)

Auxiliary mechanism (8 types)

Actuator amplification or modification method (17 types)

Actuator motion (19 types)

Nozzle refill method (4 types)

Method of restricting back-flow through inlet (10 types)

Nozzle clearing method (9 types)

Nozzle plate construction (9 types)

Drop ejection direction (5 types)

Ink type (7 types)

The complete eleven dimensional table represented by these axes contains 36.9 billion possible configurations of ink jet nozzle. While not all of the possible combinations result in a viable ink jet technology, many million configurations are viable. It is clearly impractical to elucidate all of the possible configurations. Instead, certain ink jet types have been investigated in detail. Forty-five such inkjet types were filed simultaneously to the present application.

Other ink jet configurations can readily be derived from these forty-five examples by substituting alternative configurations along one or more of the 11 axes. Most of the forty-five examples can be made into ink jet print heads with characteristics superior to any currently available ink jet technology.

Where there are prior art examples-known to the inventor, one or more of these examples are listed in the examples column of the tables below. The simultaneously filed patent applications by the present applicant are listed by USSN numbers. In some cases, a print technology may be listed more than once in a table, where it shares characteristics with more than one entry.

Suitable applications for the ink jet technologies include: Home printers, Office network printers, Short run digital printers, Commercial print systems, Fabric printers, Pocket printers, Internet WWW printers, Video printers, Medical imaging, Wide format printers, Notebook PC printers, Fax machines, Industrial printing systems, Photocopiers, Photographic minilabs etc.

The information associated with the aforementioned 11 dimensional matrix are set out in the following tables.

ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK DROPS) Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Thermal An electrothermal Large force High power Canon Bubblejet 1979 bubble heater heats the ink generated Ink carrier limited Endo et al GB patent to above boiling Simple to water 2,007,162 point, transferring construction Low efficiency Xerox heater-in-pit significant heat to No moving High temperatures 1990 Hawkins et al the aqueous ink. A parts required U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181 bubble nucleates Fast operation High mechanical Hewlett-Packard TIJ and quickly forms, Small chip area stress 1982 Vaught et al U.S. expelling the ink. required for Unusual materials Pat. No. 4,490,728 The efficiency of the actuator required process is low, with Large drive typically less than transistors 0.05% of the Cavitation causes electrical energy actuator failure being transformed Kogation reduces into kinetic energy bubble formation of the drop. Large print heads are difficult to fabricate Piezo- A piezoelectric Low power Very large area Kyser et al U.S. Pat. No. electric crystal such as lead consumption required for 3,946,398 lanthanum zirconate Many ink types actuator Zoltan U.S. (PZT) is electrically can be used Difficult to Pat. No. 3,683,212 activated, and either Fast operation integrate with 1973 Stemme U.S. expands, shears, or High efficiency electronics Pat. No. 3,747,120 bends to apply High voltage drive Epson Stylus pressure to the ink, transistors Tektronix ejecting drops. required USSN 09/112,803 Full pagewidth print heads impractical due to actuator size Requires electrical poling in high field strengths during manufacture Electro- An electric fleld is Low power Low maximum Seiko Epson, Usui et all strictive used to activate consumption strain (approx. JP 253401/96 electrostriction in Many ink types 0.01%) USSN 09/112,803 relaxor materials can he used Large area such as lead Low thermal required for lanthanum zirconate expansion actuator due to titanate (PLZT) or Electric field low strain lead magnesium strength Response speed is niobate (PMN). required marginal (˜10 μs) (approx. 3.5 High voltage drive V/μm) can be transistors generated required without Full pagewidth difficulty print heads Does not impractical due to require actuator size electrical poling Ferro- An electric field is Low power Difficult to USSN 09/112,803 electric used to induce a consumption integrate with phase transition Many ink types electronics between the can be used Unusual materials antiferroelectric Fast operation such as PLZSnT (AFE) and (<1 μs) are required ferroelectric (FE) Relatively high Actuators require phase. Perovskite longitudinal a large area materials such as tin strain modified lead High efficiency lanthanum zirconate Electric field titanate (PLZSnT) strength of exhibit large strains around 3 V/μm of up to 1% can be readily associated with the provided AFE to FE phase transition. Electro- Conductive plates Low power Difficult to USSN 09/112,787; static are separated by a consumption operate 09/112,803 plates compressible or Many ink types electrostatic fluid dielectric can be used devices in an (usually air). Upon Fast operation aqueous application of a environment voltage, the plates The electrostatic attract each other actuator will and displace ink, normally need to causing drop be separated from ejection. The the ink conductive plates Very large area may be in a comb or required to honeycomb achieve high structure, or stacked forces to increase the High voltage drive surface area and transistors may be therefore the force. required Full pagewidth print heads are not competitive due to actuator size Electro- A strong electric Low current High voltage 1989 Saito et al, U.S. static pull field is applied to consumption required Pat. No. 4,799,068 on ink the ink, whereupon Low May be damaged 1989 Miura et al, U.S. electrostatic temperature by sparks due to Pat. No. 4,810,954 attraction air breakdown Tone-jet accelerates the ink Required field towards the print strength increases medium. as the drop size decreases High voltage drive transistors required Electrostatic field attracts dust Permanent An electromagnet Low power Complex USSN 09/113,084; magnet directly attracts a consumption fabrication 09/112,779 electro- permanent magnet, Many ink types Permanent magnetic displacing ink and can be used magnetic material causing drop Fast operation such as ejection. Rare earth High efficiency Neodymium Iron magnets with a field Easy extension Boron (NdFeB) strength around 1 from single required. Tesla can be used. nozzles to High local Examples are: pagewidth print currents required Samarium Cobalt heads Copper (SaCo) and metalization magnetic materials should be used for in the neodymium long iron boron family electromigration (NdFeB, lifetime and low NdDyFeBNb, resistivity NdDyFeB, etc) Pigmented inks are usually infeasible Operating temperature limited to the Curie temperature (around 540 K) Soft A solenoid induced Low power Complex USSN 09/112,751; magnetic a magnetic field in a consumption fabrication 09/113,097; 09/113,066; core soft magnetic core Many ink types Materials not 09/112,779; 09/113,061; electro- or yoke fabricated can be used usually present in 09/112,816; 09/112,772; magnetic from a ferrous Fast operation a CMOS fab such 09/112,815 material such as High efficiency as NiFe, CoNiFe, electroplated iron Easy extension or CoFe are alloys such as from single required CoNiFe [1], CoFe, nozzles to High local or NiFe alloys. pagewidth print currents required Typically, the soft heads Copper magnetic material is metalization in two parts, which should be used for are normaily held long apart by a spring. electromigration When the solenoid lifetime and low is actuated, the two resistivity parts attract, Electroplating is displacing the ink. required High saturation flux density is required (2.0-2.1 T is achievable with CoNiFe [1]) Lorenz The Lorenz force Low power Force acts as a USSN 09/113,099; force acting on a current consumption twisting motion 09/113,077; 09/112,818; carrying wire in a Many ink types Typically, only a 09/112,819 magnetic field is can be used quarter of the utilized. Fast operation solenoid length This allows the High efficiency provides force in a magnetic field to be Easy extension useful direction supplied externally from single High local to the print head, for nozzles to currents required example with rare pagewidth print Copper earth permanent heads metalization magnets. should be used for Only the current long carrying wire need electromigration be fabricated on the lifetime and low print-head, resistivity simplifying Pigmented inks materials are usually requirements. infeasible Magneto- The actuator uses Many ink types Force acts as a Fischenbeck, U.S. Pat. No. striction the giant can be used twisting motion 4,032,929 magnetostrictive Fast operation Unusual materials USSN 09/113,121 effect of materials Easy extension such as Terfenol- such as Terfenol-D from single D are required (an alloy of terbium, nozzles to High local dysprosium and iron pagewidth print currents required developed at the heads Copper Naval Ordnance High force is metalization Laboratory, hence available should be used for Ter-Fe-NOL). For long best efficiency, the electromigration actuator should be lifetime and low pre-stressed to resistivity approx. 8 MPa. Pre-stressing may be required Surface Ink under positive Low power Requires Silverbrook, EP 0771 tension pressure is held in a consumption supplementary 658 A2 and related reduction nozzle by surface Simple force to effect patent applications tension. The surface construction drop separation tension of the ink is No unusual Requires special reduced below the materials ink surfactants bubble threshold, required in Speed may be causing the ink to fabrication limited by egress from the High efficiency surfactant nozzle. Easy extension properties from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Viscosity The ink viscosity is Simple Requires Silverbrook, EP 0771 reduction locally reduced to construction supplementary 658 A2 and related select which drops No unusual force to effect patent applications are to be ejected. A materials drop separation viscosity reduction required in Requires special can be achieved fabrication ink viscosity electrothermally Easy extension properties with most inks, but from single High speed is special inks can be nozzles to difficult to achieve engineered for a pagewidth print Requires 100:1 viscosity heads oscillating ink reduction. pressure A high temperature difference (typically 80 degrees) is required Acoustic An acoustic wave is Can operate Complex drive 1993 Hadimioglu et al, generated and without a nozzle circuitry EUP 550,192 focussed upon the plate Complex 1993 Elrod et al, EUP drop ejection region. fabrication 572,220 Low efficiency Poor control of drop position Poor control of drop volume Thermo- An actuator which Low power Efficient aqueous USSN 09/112,802; elastic relies upon consumption operation requires 09/112,778; 09/112,815; bend differential thermal Many ink types a thermal insulator 09/113,096; 09/113,068; actuator expansion upon can be used on the hot side 09/113,095; 09/112,808; Joule heating is Simple planar Corrosion 09/112,809; 09/112,780; used. fabrication prevention can be 09/113,083; 09/112,793; Small chip area difficult 09/112,794; 09/113,128; required for Pigmented inks 09/113,127; 09/112,756; each actuator may be infeasible, 09/112,755; 09/112,754; Fast operation as pigment 09/112,811; 09/112,812; High efficiency particles may jam 09/112,813;.09/112,814; CMOS the bend actuator 09/112,764; 09/112,765; compatible 09/112,767; 09/112,768 voltages and currents Standard MEMS processes can be used Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads High CTE A material with a High force can Requires special USSN 09/112,778; thermo- very high coefficient be generated material (e.g. 09/112,815; 09/113,096 elastic of thermal Three methods PTFE) 09/113,095; 09/112,808 actuator expansion (CTE) of PTFE Requires a PTFE 09/112,809; 09/112,780 such as deposition are deposition 09/113,083; 09/112,793 polytetrafluoroethyl under process, which is 09/112,794; 09/113,128 ene (PTFE) is used. development: not yet standard in 09/113,127; 09/112,756 As high CTE chemical vapor ULSl fabs 09/112,807; 09/112,806 materials are usually deposition PTFE deposition 09/112,820 non-conductive, a (CVD), spin cannot be heater fabricated coating, and followed with from a conductive evaporation high temperature material is PTFE is a (above 350° C.) incorporated. A 50 candidate for processing μm long PTFE bend low dielectric Pigmented inks actuator with constant may be infeasible, polysilicon heater insulation in as pigment and 15 mW power ULSI particles may jam input can provide Very low power the bend actuator 180 μN force and 10 consumption μm deflection. Many ink types Actuator motions can he used include: Simple planar Bend fabrication Push Small chip area Buckle required for Rotate each actuator Fast operation High efficiency CMOS compatible voltages and currents Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Conduct- A polymer with a High force can Requires special USSN 09/113,083 ive high coefficient of be generated materials polymer thermal expansion Very low power development thermo- (such as PTFE) is consumption (High CTE elastic doped with Many ink types conductive actuator conducting can be used polymer) substances to Simple planar Requires a PTFE increase its fabrication deposition conductivity to Small chip area process, which is about 3 orders of required for not yet standard in magnitude below each actuator ULSI fabs that of copper. The Fast operation PTFE deposition conducting polymer High efficiency cannot be expands when CMOS followed with resistively heated. compatible high temperature Examples of voltages and (above 350° C.) conducting dopants currents processing include: Easy extension Evaporation and Carbon nanotubes from single CVD deposition Metal fibers nozzles to techniques cannot Conductive pagewidth print be used polymers such as heads Pigmented inks doped may be infeasible, polythiophene as pigment Carbon granules particles may jam the bend actuator Shape A shape memory High force is Fatigue limits USSN 09/113,122 memory alloy such as TiNi available maximum number alloy (also known as (stresses of of cycles Nitinol-Nickel hundreds of Low strain (1%) is Titanium alloy MPa) required to extend developed at the Large strain is fatigue resistance Naval Ordnance available (more Cycle rate limited Laboratory) is than 3%) by heat removal thermally switched High corrosion Requires unusual between its weak resistance materials (TiNi) martensitic state and Simple The latent heat of its high stiffness construction transformation austenic state. The Easy extension must be provided shape of the actuator from single High current in its martensitic nozzles to operation state is deformed pagewidth print Requires pre- relative to the heads stressing to distort austenic shape. The Low voltage the martensitic shape change causes operation state ejection of a drop. Linear Linear magnetic Linear Magnetic Requires unusual USSN 09/113,061 Magnetic actuators include the actuators can be semiconductor Actuator Linear Induction constructed with materials such as Actuator (LIA), high thrust, long soft magnetic Linear Permanent travel, and high alloys (e.g. Magnet efficiency using CoNiFe) Synchronous planar Some varieties Actuator (LPMSA), semiconductor also require Linear Reluctance fabrication permanent Synchronous techniques magnetic Actuator (LRSA), Long actuator materials such as Linear Switched travel is Neodymium iron Reluctance Actuator available boron (NdFeB) (LSRA), and the Medium force is Requires complex Linear Stepper available multi-phase drive Actuator (LSA). Low voltage circuitry operation High current operation

BASIC OPERATION MODE Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Actuator This is the simplest Simple Drop repetition Thermal inkjet directly mode of operation: operation rate is usually Piezoelectric ink jet pushes ink the actuator directly No external limited to around USSN 09/112,751; supplies sufficient fields required 10 kHz. 09/112,787; 09/112,802; kinetic energy to Satellite drops However, this is 09/112,803; 09/113,097; expel the drop. The can be avoided not fundamental 09/113,099; 09/113,084; drop must have a if drop velocity to the method, 09/112,778; 09/113,077; sufficient velocity to is less than 4 but is related to 09/113,061; 09/112,816; overcome the m/s the refill method 09/112,819; 09/113,095; surface tension. Can be efficient, normally used 09/112,809; 09/112,780; depending upon All of the drop 09/113,083; 09/113,121; the actuator kinetic energy 09/113,122; 09/112,793; used must be provided 09/112,794; 09/113,128; by the actuator 09/113,127; 09/112,756; Satellite drops 09/112,755; 09/112,754; usually form if 09/112,811; 09/112,812; drop velocity is 09/112,813; 09/112,814; greater than 4.5 09/112,764; 09/112,765; m/s 09/112,767; 09/112,768; 09/112,807; 09/112,806; 09/112,820 Proximity The drops to be Very simple Requires close Silverbrook, EP 0771 printed are selected print head proximity 658 A2 and related by some manner fabrication can between the print patent applications (e.g. thermally be used head and the induced surface The drop print media or tension reduction of selection means transfer roller pressurized ink). does not need to May require two Selected drops are provide the print heads separated from the energy required printing alternate ink in the nozzle by to separate the rows of the contact with the drop from the image print medium or a nozzle Monolithic color transfer roller. print heads are difficult Electro- The drops to be Very simple Requires very Silverbrook, EP 0771 static pull printed are selected print head high electrostatic 658 A2 and related on ink by some manner fabrication can field patent applications (e.g. thermally be used Electrostatic field Tone-Jet induced surface The drop for small nozzle tension reduction of selection means sizes is above air pressurized ink). does not need to breakdown Selected drops are provide the Electrostatic field separated from the energy required may attract dust ink in the nozzle by to separate the a strong electric drop from the field. nozzle Magnetic The drops to be Very simple Requires Silverbrook, EP 0771 pull on ink printed are selected print head magnetic ink 658 A2 and related by some manner fabrication can Ink colors other patent applications (e.g. thermally be used than black are induced surface The drop difficult tension reduction of selection means Requires very pressurized ink). does not need to high magnetic Selected drops are provide the fields separated from the energy required ink in the nozzle by to separate the a strong magnetic drop from the field acting on the nozzle magnetic ink. Shutter The actuator moves High speed Moving parts are USSN 09/112,818; a shutter to block (>50 kHz) required 09/112,815; 09/112,808 ink flow to the operation can be Requires ink nozzle. The ink achieved due to pressure pressure is pulsed at reduced refill modulator a multiple of the time Friction and wear drop ejection Drop timing can must be frequency. be very accurate considered The actuator Stiction is energy can be possible very low Shuttered The actuator moves Actuators with Moving parts are USSN 09/113,066; grill a shutter to block small travel can required 09/112,772; 09/113,096; ink flow through a be used Requires ink 09/113,068 grill to the nozzle. Actuators with pressure The shutter small force can modulator movement need be used Friction and wear only be equal to the High speed must be width of the grill (>50 kHz) considered holes. operation can be Stiction is achieved possible Pulsed A pulsed magnetic Extremely low Requires an USSN 09/112,779 magnetic field attracts an ‘ink energy external pulsed pull on ink pusher’ at the drop operation is magnetic field pusher ejection frequency. possible Requires special An actuator controls No heat materials for both a catch, which dissipation the actuator and prevents the ink problems the ink pusher pusher from moving Complex when a drop is not construction to be ejected.

AUXILIARY MECHANISM (APPLIED TO ALL NOZZLES) Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples None The actuator directly Simplicity of Drop ejection Most ink jets, including fires the ink drop, construction energy must be piezoelectric and thermal and there is no Simplicity of supplied by bubble. external field or operation individual nozzle USSN 09/112,751; other mechanism Small physical actuator 09/112,787; 09/112,802; required. size 09/112,803; 09/113,097; 09/113,084; 09/113,078; 09/113,077; 09/113,061; 09/112,816; 09/113,095; 09/112,809; 09/112,780; 09/113,083; 09/113,121; 09/113,122; 09/112,793; 09/112,794; 09/113,128; 09/113,127; 09/112,756; 09/112,755; 09/112,754; 09/112,811; 09/112,812; 09/112,813; 09/112,814; 09/112,764; 09/112,765; 09/112,767; 09/112,768; 09/112,807; 09/112,806; 09/112,820 Oscillatlng The ink pressure Oscillating ink Requires external Silverbrook, EP 0771 ink oscillates, providing pressure can ink pressure 658 A2 and related pressure much of the drop provide a refill oscillator patent applications (including ejection energy. The pulse, allowing ink pressure USSN 09/113,066; acoustlc actuator selects higher operating phase and 09/112,818; 09/112,772; stimul- which drops are to speed amplitude must 09/112,815; 09/113,096; atlon) be fired by The actuators be carefully 09/113,068; 09/112,808 selectively blocking may operate controlled or enabling nozzles. with much Acoustic The ink pressure lower energy reflections in the oscillation may be Acoustic lenses ink chamber achieved by can be used to must be designed vibrating the print focus the sound for head, or preferably on the nozzles by an actuator in the ink supply. Media The print head is Low power Precision Silverbrook, EP 0771 proximity placed in close High accuracy assembly 658 A2 and related proximity to the Simple print required patent applications print medium. head Paper fibers may Selected drops construction cause problems protrude from the Cannot print on print head further rough substrates than unselected drops, and contact the print medium. The drop soaks into the medium fast enough to cause drop separation. Transfer Drops are printed to High accuracy Bulky Silverbrook, EP 0771 roller a transfer roller Wide range of Expensive 658 A2 and related instead of straight to print substrates Complex patent applications the print medium. A can be used construction Tektronix hot melt transfer roller can Ink can be dried piezoelectric inkjet also be used for on the transfer Any of USSN proximity drop roller 09/112,751; 09/112,787; separation. 09/112,802; 09/112,803; 09/113,097; 09/113,099; 09/113,084; 09/113,066; 09/112,778; 09/112,779; 09/113,077; 09/113,061; 09/112,818; 09/112,816; 09/112,772; 09/112,819; 09/112,815; 09/113,096; 09/113,068; 09/113,095; 09/112,808; 09/112,809; 09/112,780; 09/113,083; 09/113,121; 09/113,122; 09/112,793; 09/112,794; 09/113,128; 09/113,127; 09/112,756; 09/112,755; 09/112,754; 09/112,811; 09/112,812; 09/112,813; 09/112,814; 09/112,764; 09/112,765; 09/112,767; 09/112,768; 09/112,807; 09/112,806; 09/112,820; 09/112,821 Electro- An electric field is Low power Field strength Silverbrook, EP 0771 static used to accelerate Simple print required for 658 A2 and related selected drops head separation of patent applications towards the print construction small drops is Tone-Jet medium. near or above air breakdown Direct A magnetic field is Low power Requires Silverbrook, EP 0771 magnetic used to accelerate Simple print magnetic ink 658 A2 and related field selected drops of head Requires strong patent applications magnetic ink construction magnetic field towards the print medium. Cross The print head is Does not Requires external USSN 09/113,099; magnetic placed in a constant require magnet 09/112,819 fieid magnetic field. The magnetic Current densiiies Lorenz force in a materials to be may be high, current carrying integrated in the resulting in wire is used to move print head electromigration the actuator. manufacturing problems process Pulsed A pulsed magnetic Very low power Complex print USSN 09/112,779 magnetic field is used to operation is head construction field cyclically attract a possible Magnetic paddle, which Small print head materials pushes on the ink. A size required in print small actuator head moves a catch, which selectively prevents the paddle from moving.

ACTUATOR AMPLIFICATION OR MODIFICATION METHOD Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples None No actuator Operational Many actuator Thermal Bubble ink jet mechanical simplicity mechanisms USSN 09/112,751; amplification is have 09/112,787; 09/113,099; used. The actuator insufficient 09/113,084; 09/112,819; directly drives the travel, or 09/113,121; 09/113,122 drop ejection insufficient process. force, to efficiently drive the drop ejection process Differential An actuator material Provides greater High stresses Piezoelectric expansion expands more on travel in a are involved USSN 09/112,802; bend one side than on the reduced print Care must be 09/112,778; 09/112,815; actuator other. The head area taken that the 09/113,096; 09/113,068; expansion may be materials do not 09/113,095; 09/112,808; thermal, delaminate 09/112,809; 09/112,780; piezoelectric, Residual bend 09/113,083; 09/112,793; magnetostrictive, or resulting from 09/113,128; 09/113,127; other mechanism. high 09/112,756; 09/112,755; The bend actuator temperature or 09/112,754; 09/112,811; converts a high high stress 09/112,812; 09/112,813; force low travel during 09/112,814; 09/112,764; actuator mechanism formation 09/112,765; 09/112,767; to high travel, lower 09/112,768; 09/112,807; force mechanism. 09/112,806; 09/112,820 Transient A trilayer bend Very good High stresses USSN 09/112,767; bend actuator where the temperature are involved 09/112,768 actuator two outside layers stability Care must be are identical. This High speed, as a taken that the cancels bend due to new drop can be materials do not ambient temperature fired before heat delaminate and residual stress. dissipates The actuator only Cancels residual responds to transient stress of heating of one side formation or the other. Reverse The actuator loads a Better coupling Fabrication USSN 09/113,097; spring spring. When the to the ink complexity 09/113,077 actuator is turned High stress in off, the spring the spring releases. This can reverse the force/distance curve of the actuator to make it compatible with the force/time requirements of the drop ejection. Actuator A series of thin lncreased travel lncreased Some piezoelectric ink stack actuators are Reduced drive fabrication jets stacked. This can be voltage complexity USSN 09/112,803 appropriate where Increased actuators require possibility of high electric field short circuits strength, such as due to pinholes electrostatic and piezoelectric actuators. Multiple Multiple smaller Increases the Actuator forces USSN 09/113,061; actuators actuators are used force available may not add 09/112,818; 09/113,096; simultaneously to from an actuator linearly, 09/113,095; 09/112,809; move the ink. Each Muitiple reducing 09/112,794; 09/112,807; actuator need actuators can be efficiency 09/112,806 provide only a positioned to portion of the force control ink flow required. accurately Linear A linear spring is Matches low Requires print USSN 09/112,772 Spring used to transform a travel actuator head area for motion with small with higher the spring travel and high force travel into a longer travel, requirements lower force motion. Non-contact method of motion transformation Coiled A bend actuator is Increases travel Generally USSN 09/112,815; actuator coiled to provide Reduces chip restricted to 09/112,808; 09/112,811; greater travel in a area planar 09/112,812 reduced chip area. Planar implementations implementations due to extreme are relatively fabrication easy to difficulty in fabricate. other orientations. Flexure A bend actuator has Simple means Care must be USSN 09/112,779; bend a small region near of increasing taken not to 09/113,068; 09/112,754 actuator the fixture point, travel of a bend exceed the which flexes much actuator elastic limit in more readily than the flexure area the remainder of the Stress actuator. The distribution is actuator flexing is very uneven effectively Difficult to converted from an accurately even coiling to an model with angular bend, finite element resulting in greater analysis travel of the actuator tip. Catch The actuator Very low Complex USSN 09/112,779 controls a small actuator energy construction catch. The catch Very small Requires either enables or actuator size external force disables movement Unsuitable for of an ink pusher that pigmented inks is controlled in a bulk manner. Gears Gears can be used to Low force, low Moving parts USSN 09/112,818 increase travel at the travel actuators are required expense of duration. can be used Several actuator Circular gears, rack Can be cycles are and pinion, ratchets, fabricated using required and other gearing standard surface More complex methods can be MEMS drive electronics used. processes Complex construction Friction, friction, and wear are possible Buckle A buckle plate can Very fast Must stay S. Hirata et al, “An Ink-jet plate be used to change a movement within elastic Head Using Diaphragm slow actuator into a achievable limits of the Microactuator”, Proc. fast motion. It can materials for IEEE MEMS, Feb. 1996, also convert a high long device life pp 418423. force, low travel High stresses USSN 09/113,096; actuator into a high involved 09/112,793 travel, medium force Generally high motion. power requirement Tapered A tapered magnetic Linearizes the Complex USSN 09/112,816 magnetic pole can increase magnetic construction pole travel at the expense force/distance of force. curve Lever A lever and fulcrum Matches low High stress USSN 09/112,755; is used to transform travel actuator around the 09/112,813; 09,112,814 a motion with small with higher fulcrum travel and high force travel into a motion with requirements longer travel and Fulcrum area lower force. The has no linear lever can also movement, and reverse the direction can be used for of travel. a fluid seal Rotary The actuator is High Complex USSN 09/112,794 impeller connected to a mechanical construction rotary impeller. A advantage Unsuitable for small angular The ratio of pigmented inks deflection of the force to travel actuator results in a of the actuator rotation of the can be matched impeller vanes, to the nozzle which push the ink requirements by against stationary varying the vanes and out of the number of nozzle. impeller vanes Acoustic A refractive or No moving Large area 1993 Hadimioglu et al, lens diffractive (e.g. zone parts required EUP 550,192 plate) acoustic lens Only relevant 1993 Elrod et al, EUP is used to for acoustic ink 572,220 concentrate sound jets waves. Sharp A sharp point is Simple Difficult to Tone-jet conductive used to concentrate construction fabricate using point an electrostatic field. standard VLSI processes for a surface ejecting ink-jet Only relevant for electrostatic ink jets

ACTUATOR MOTION Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Volume The volume of the Simple High energy is Hewlett-Packard Thermal expansion actuator changes, Construction in typically Ink jet pushing the ink in the case of required to Canon Bubblejet all directions. thermal ink jet achieve volume expansion. This leads to thermal stress, cavitation, and kogation in thermal ink jet implementations Linear, The actuator moves Efficient High fabrication USSN 09/112,751; normal to in a direction nonmal coupting to ink complexity may 09/112,787; 09/112,803; chip to the print head drops ejected be required to 09/113,084; 09/113,077; surface surface. The nozzle normal to the achieve 09/112,816 is typically in the surface perpendicular line of movement. motion Parallel to The actuator moves Suitable for Fabrication USSN 09/113,061; chip parallel to the print planar complexity 09/112,818; 09/112,772; surface head surface. Drop fabrication Friction 09/112,754; 09/112,811; ejection may still be Stiction 09/112,812; 09/112,813 normal to the surface. Membrane An actuator with a The effective Fabrication 1982 Howkins U.S. push high force but small area of the complexity Pat. No. 4,459,601 area is used to push actuator Actuator size a stiff membrane becomes the Difficulty of that is in contact membrane area integration in a with the ink. VLSI process Rotary The actuator causes Rotary levers Device USSN 09/113,097; the rotation of some may be used to complexity 09/113,066; 09/112,818; element, such a grill increase travel May have 09/112,794 or impeller Small chip area friction at a requirements pivot point Bend The actuator bends A very small Requires the 1970 Kyser et al U.S. when energized. change in actuator to be Pat. No. 3,946,398 This may be due to dimensions can made from at 1973 Stemme U.S. Pat. No. differential thermal be converted to least two 3,747,120 expansion, a large motion. distinct layers, 09/112,802; 09/112,778; piezoelectric or to have a 09/112,779; 09/113,068; expansion, thermal 09/112,780; 09/113,083; magnetostriction, or difference 09/113,121; 09/113,128; other form of across the 09/113,127; 09/112,756; relative dimensional actuator 09/112,754; 09/112,811; change. 09/112,812 Swivel The actuator swivels Allows Inefficient USSN 09/113,099 around a central operation where coupling to the pivot. This motion is the net linear ink motion suitable where there force on the are opposite forces paddle is zero applied to opposite Small chip area sides of the paddle, requirements e.g. Lorenz force. Straighten The actuator is Can be used Requires careful USSN 09/113,122; normally bent, and with shape balance of 09/112,755 straightens when memory alloys stresses to energized. where the ensure that the austenic phase quiescent bend is planar is accurate Double The actuator bends One actuator Difficult to USSN 09/112,813; bend in one direction can be used to make the drops 09/112,814; 09/112,764 when one element is power two ejected by both energized, and nozzles. bend directions bends the other way Reduced chip identical. when another size. A small element is Not sensitive to efficiency loss energized. ambient compared to temperature equivalent single bend actuators. Shear Energizing the Can increase the Not readily 1985 Fishbeck U.S. actuator causes a effective travel applicable to Pat. No. 4,584,590 shear motion in the of piezoelectric other actuator actuator material. actuators mechanisms Radial The actuator Relatively easy High force 1970 Zoltan U.S. Pat. No. con- squeezes an ink to fabricate required 3,683,212 strictlon reservoir, forcing single nozzles Inefficient ink from a from glass Difficult to constricted nozzle. tubing as integrate with macroscopic VLSI processes structures Coil/ A coiled actuator Easy to Difficult to USSN 09/112,815; uncoil uncoils or coils fabricate as a fabricate for 09/112,808; 09/112,811; more tightly. The planar VLSI non-planar 09/112,812 motion of the free process devices end of the actuator Small area Poor out-of- ejects the ink. required, plane stiffness therefore low cost Bow The actuator bows Can increase the Maximum USSN 09/112,819; (or buckles) in the speed of travel travel is 09/113,096; 09/112,793 middle when Mechanically constrained energized. rigid High force required Push-Pull Two actuators The structure is Not readily USSN 09/113,096 control a shutter. pinned at hoth suitable for ink One actuator pulls ends, so has a jets which the shutter, and the high out-of- directly push other pushes it. plane rigidity the ink Curl A set of actuators Good fluid flow Design USSN 09/113,095; inwards curl inwards to to the region complexity 09/112,807 reduce the volume behind the of ink that they actuator enclose. increases efficiency Curl A set of actuators Relatively Relatively large USSN 09/112,806 outwards curl outwards, simple chip area pressurizing ink in a construction chamber surrounding the actuators, and expelling ink from a nozzle in the chamber. Iris Multiple vanes High efficiency High fabrication USSN 09/112,809 enclose a volume of Small chip area complexity ink. These Not suitable for simultaneously pigmented inks rotate, reducing the volume between the vanes. Acoustic The actuator The actuator Large area 1993 Hadimioglu et al, vibratlon vibrates at a high can be required for EUP 550,192 frequency. physically efficient 1993 Elrod et al, EUP distant from the operation at 572,220 ink useful frequencies Acoustic coupling and crosstalk Complex drive circuitry Poor control of drop volume and position None In various inkjet No moving Various other Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 designs the actuator parts tradeoffs are A2 and related patent does not move. required to applications eliminate Tone-jet moving parts

NOZZLE REFILL METHOD Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Surface This is the normal Fabrication Low speed Thermal inkjet tension way that ink jets are simplicity Surface tension Piezoelectric ink jet refilled. After the Operational force relatively USSN-09/112,751; actuator is energized, simplicity small 09/113,084; 09/112,779; it typically returns compared to 09/112,816; 09/112,819; rapidly to its normal actuator force 09/113,095; 09/112,809; position. This rapid Long refill 09/112,780; 09/113,083; return sucks in air time usually 09/113,121; 09/113,122; through the nozzle dominates the 09/112,793; 09/112,794; opening. The ink total repetition 09/113,128; 09/113,127; surface tension at the rate 09/112,756; 09/112,755; nozzle then exerts a 09/112,754; 09/112,811; small force restoring 09/112,812; 09/112,813; the meniscus to a 09/112,814; 09/112,764; minimum area. This 09/112,765; 09/112,767; force refills the 09/112,768; 09/112,807; nozzle. 09/112,806; 09/112,820; 09/112,821 Shuttered Ink to the nozzle High speeed Requires USSN 09/113,066; oscillating chamber is provided Low actuator common ink 09/112,818; 09/112,772; Ink at a pressure that energy, as the pressure 09/112,815; 09/113,096; pressure oscillates at twice the actuator need oscillator 09/113,068; 09/112,808 drop ejection only open or May not be frequency. When a ciose the suitable for drop is to be ejected, shutter, instead pigmented inks the shutter is opened of ejecting the for 3 half cycles: ink drop drop ejection, actuator return, and refill. The shutter is then closed to prevent the nozzle chamber emptying during the next negative pressure cycle. Refill After the main High speed, as Requires two USSN 09/112,778 actuator actuator has ejected a the nozzle is independent drop a second (refill) actively actuators per actuator is energized. refilled nozzle The refill actuator pushes ink into the nozzle chamber. The refill actuator returns slowly, to prevent its return from emptying the chamber again. Positive The ink is held a High refill rate, Surface spill Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 ink slight positive therefore a must be A2 and related patent pressure pressure. After the high drop prevented applications ink drop is ejected, repetition rate Highly Alternative for: USSN the nozzle chamber is possible hydrophobic 09/112,751; 09/112,787; fills quickly as print head 09/112,802; 09/112,803; surface tension and surfaces are 09/113,097; 09/113,099; ink pressure both required 09/113,084; 09/112,779; operate to refill the 09/113,077; 09/113,061; nozzle. 09/112,818; 09/112,816; 09/112,819; 09/113,095; 09/112,809; 09/112,780; 09/113,083; 09/113,121; 09/113,122; 09/112,793; 09/112,794; 09/113,128, 09/113,127; 09/112,756; 09/112,755; 09/112,754; 09/112,811; 09/112,812; 09/112,813; 09/112,814; 09/112,764; 09/112,765; 09/112,767; 09/112,768; 09/112,807; 09/112,806; 09/112,820; 09/112,821

METHOD OF RESTRICTING BACK-FLOW THROUGH INLET Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Long inlet The ink inlet Design Restricts refill Thermal ink jet channel channel to the simplicity rate Piezoelectric ink jet nozzle chamber is Operational May result in a USSN 09/112,807; made long and simplicity relatively large 09/112,806 relatively narrow, Reduces chip area relying on viscous crosstalk Only partially drag to reduce inlet effective back-flow. Positive The ink is under a Drop selection Requires a Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 Ink positive pressure, so and separation method (such A2 and related patent pressure that in the quiescent forces can be as a nozzle rim applications state some of the ink reduced or effective Possible operation of the drop already Fast refill time hydrophobizin following: protrudes from the g, or both) to USSN 09/112,751; nozzle. prevent 09/112,787; 09/112,802; This reduces the flooding of the 09/112,803; 09/113,097; pressure in the ejection 09/113,099; 09/113,084; nozzle chamber surface of the 09/112,778; 09/112,779; which is required to printhead. 09/113,077; 09/113,061; eject a certain 09/112,816; 09/112,819; volume of ink. The 09/113,095; 09/112,809; reduction in 09/112,780; 09/113,083; chamber pressure 09/113,121; 09/113,122; results in a reduction 09/112,793; 09/112,794; in ink pushed out 09/113,128; 09/113,127; through the inlet. 09/112,756; 09/112,755; 09/112,754; 09/112,811; 09/112,813; 09/112,814; 09/112,764; 09/112,765; 09/112,767; 09/112,768; Baffle One or more baffles The refill rate is Design HP Thermal Ink Jet are placed in the not as restricted complexity Tektronix piezoelectric ink inlet ink flow. When as the long inlet May increase jet the actuator is method. fabrication energized, the rapid Reduces complexity ink movement crosstalk (e.g. Tektronix creates eddies which hot melt restrict the flow Piezoelectric through the inlet. print heads). The slower refill process is unrestricted, and does not result in eddies. Flexible In this method Significantly Not applicable Canon flap recently disclosed reduces back- to most ink jet restricts by Canon, the flow for edge- configurations Inlet expanding actuator shooter thermal Increased (bubble) pushes on a ink jet devices fabrication flexible flap that complexity restricts the inlet. Inelastic deformation of polymer flap results in creep over extended use Inlet filter A filter is located Additional Restricts refill USSN 09/112,803; between the ink inlet advantage of rate 09/113,061; 09/113,083; and the nozzle ink filtration May result in 09/112,793; 09/113,128; chatnber. The filter Ink filter may complex 09/113,127 bas a multitude of be fabricated construction small holes or slots, with no restricting ink flow. additional The fiiter also process steps removes particles which may block the nozzle. Small inlet The ink inlet Design Restricts refill USSN 09/112,787; compared; channel to the simplicity rate 09/112,814; 09/112,820 to nozzle nozzle chamher has May result in a a substantially relatively large smaller cross section chip area than that of the Only partially nozzle, resulting in effective easier ink egress out of the nozzle than out of the inlet. Inlet A secondary lncreases speed Requires USSN 09/112,778 shutter actuator controls the of the ink-jet separate refill position of a shutter, print head actuator and closing off the ink operation drive circuit inlet when the main actuator is energized. The inlet is The method avoids Back-flow Requires USSN 09/112,751; located the problem of inlet problem is careful design 09/112,802; 09/113,097; behind the back-flow by eliminated to minimize 09/113,099; 09/113,084; ink- arranging the ink- the negative 09/112,779; 09/113,077; pushing pushing surface of pressure 09/112,816; 09/112,819; surface the actuator between behind the 09/112,809; 09/112,780; the inlet and the paddle 09/113,121; 09/112,794; nozzle. 09/112,756; 09/112,755; 09/112,754; 09/112,811; 09/112,812; 09/112,813; 09/112,765; 09/112,767; 09/112,768 Part of the The actuator and a Significant Small increase USSN 09/113,084; actuator wall of the ink reductions in in fabrication 09/113,095; 09/113,122; moves to chamber are back-flow can complexity 09/112,764 shut off arranged so that the be achieved the inlet motion of the Compact actuator closes off designs possible the inlet. Nozzle In some Ink back-flow None related to Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 actuator configurations of problem is ink back-flow A2 and related patent does not ink jet, there is no eliminated on actuation applications result in expansion or Valve-jet ink back- movement of an Tone-jet flow actuator which may cause ink back-flow through the inlet.

NOZZLE CLEARING METHOD Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Normal All of the nozzles No added May not be Most ink jet systems nozzle are fired complexity on sufficient to USSN 09/112,751; firing periodicaliy, before the print head displace dried 09/112,787; 09/112,802; the ink has a chance ink 09/112,803; 09/113,097; to dry. When not in 09/113,099; 09/113,084; use the nozzles are 09/112,778; 09/112,779; sealed (capped) 09/113,077; 09/113,061; against air. 09/112,816; 09/112,819; The nozzle firing is 09/113,095; 09/112,809; usually performed 09/112,780; 09/113,083; during a special 09/113,121; 09/113,122; clearing cycle, after 09/112,793; 09/112,794; first moving the 09/113,128; 09/113,127; print head to a 09/112,756; 09/112,755; cleaning station. 09/112,754; 09/112,811; 09/112,813; 09/112,814; 09/112,764; 09/112,765; 09/112,767; 09/112,768; 09/112,807; 09/112,806; 09/112,820; 09/112,821 Extra In systems which Can be highly Requires Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 power to heat the ink, but do effective if the higher drive A2 and related patent ink heater not boil it under heater is voltage for applications normal situations, adjacent to the clearing nozzle clearing can nozzle May require be achieved by over- larger drive powering the heater transistors and boiling ink at the nozzle. Rapid The actuator is fired Does not Effectiveness May be used with: USSN success- in rapid succession. require extra depends 09/112,751; 09/112,787; ion of In some drive circuits on substantially 09/112,802; 09/112,803; actuator configurations, this the print head upon the 09/113,097; 09/113,099; pulses may cause heat Can be readily configuration 09/113,084; 09/112,778; build-up at the controlled and of the ink jet 09/112,779; 09/113,077; nozzle which boils initiated by nozzle 09/112,816; 09/112,819; the ink, clearing the digital logic 09/113,095; 09/112,809; nozzle. In other 09/112,780; 09/113,083; situations, it raay 09/113,121; 09/112,793; cause sufficient 09/112,794; 09/113,128; vibrations to 09/113,127; 09/112,756; dislodge clogged 09/112,755; 09/112,754; nozzles. 09/112,811; 09/112,813; 09/112,814; 09/112,764; 09/112,765; 09/112,767; 09/112,768; 09/112,807; 09/112,806; 09/112,820; 09/112,821 Extra Where an actuator is A simple Not suitable May be used with: USSN power to not normally driven solution where where there is 09/112,802; 09/112,778; ink to the limit of its applicable a hard limit to 09/112,819; 09/113,095; pushing motion, nozzle actuator 09/112,780; 09/113,083; actuator cleaning may be movement 09/113,121; 09/112,793; assisted by 09/113,128; 09/113,127; providing an 09/112,756; 09/112,755; enhanced drive 09/112,765; 09/112,767; signal to the 09/112,768; 09/112,807; actuator. 09/112,806; 09/112,820; 09/112,821 Acoustic An ultrasonic wave A high nozzle High USSN 09/113,066; resonance is applied to the ink clearing implementation 09/112,818; 09/112,772; chamber. This wave capability can cost if 09/112,815; 09/113,096; is of an appropriate be achieved system does 09/113,068; 09/112,808 amplitude and May be not already frequency to cause implemented at include an sufficient force at very low cost in acoustic the nozzle to clear systems which actuator blockages. This is already include easiest to achieve if acoustic the ultrasonic wave actuators is at a resonant frequency of the ink cavity. Nozzle A microfabricated Can clear Accurate Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 clearing plate is pushed severely mechanical A2 and related patent plate against the nozzles. clogged nozzles alignment is applications The plate has a post required for every nozzle. A Moving parts post moves through are required each nozzle, There is risk of displacing dried ink. damage to the nozzles Accurate fabrication is required Ink The pressure of the May be Requires May be used with ink jets pressure ink is temporarily effective where pressure pump covered by USSN pulse increased so that ink other methods or other 09/112,751; 09/112,787; streams from all of cannot be used pressure 09/112,802; 09/112,803; the nozzles. This actuator 09/113,097; 09/113,099; may be used in Expensive 09/113,084; 09/113,066; conjunction with Wasteful of 09/112,778; 09/112,779; actuator energizing. ink 09/113,077; 09/113,061; 09/112,818; 09/112,816; 09/112,772; 09/112,819; 09/112,815; 09/113,096; 09/113,068; 09/113,095; 09/112,808; 09/112,809; 09/112,780; 09/113,083; 09/113,121; 09/113,122; 09/112,793; 09/112,794; 09/113,128; 09/113,127; 09/112,756; 09/112,755; 09/112,754; 09/112,811; 09/112,812; 09/112,813; 09/112,814; 09/112,764; 09/112,765; 09/112,767; 09/112,768; 09/112,807; 09/112,806; 09/112,820; 09/112,821 Print head A flexible ‘blade’ is Effective for Difficult to use Many ink jet systems wiper wiped across the planar print if print head print head surface. head surfaces surface is non- The blade is usually Low cost planar or very fabricated from a fragile flexible polymer, Requires e.g. rubber or mechanical synthetic elastomer. parts Blade can wear out in high volume print systems Separate A separate heater is Can be effective Fabrication Can be used with many ink ink boiling provided at the where other complexity jets covered by USSN heater nozzle although the nozzle clearing 09/112,751; 09/112,787; normal drop e- methods cannot 09/112,802; 09/112,803; ection mechanism be used 09/113,097; 09/113,099; does not require it. Can be 09/113,084; 09/113,066; The heaters do not implemented at 09/112,778; 09/112,779; require individual no additional 09/113,077; 09/113,061; drive circuits, as cost in some ink 09/112,818; 09/112,816; many nozzles can be jet 09/112,772; 09/112,819; cleared configurations 09/112,815; 09/113,096; simultaneously; and 09/113,068; 09/113,095; no imaging is 09/112,808; 09/112,809; required. 09/112,780; 09/113,083; 09/113,121; 09/113,122; 09/112,793; 09/112,794; 09/113,128; 09/113,127; 09/112,756; 09/112,755; 09/112,754; 09/112,811; 09/112,812; 09/112,813; 09/112,814; 09/112,764; 09/112,765; 09/112,767; 09/112,768; 09/112,807; 09/112,806; 09/112,820; 09/112,821

NOZZLE PLATE CONSTRUCTION Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Electro- A nozzle plate is Fabrication High Hewlett Packard Thermal formed separately fabricated simplicity temperatures Ink jet nickel from electroformed and pressures nickel, and bonded are required to to the print head bond nozzle chip. plate Minimum thickness constraints Differential thermal expansion Laser Individual nozzle No masks Each hole must Canon Bubblejet ablated or holes are ablated by required be individually 1988 Sercel et al., SPIE, drilled an intense UV laser Can be quite formed Vol. 998 Excimer Beam polymer in a nozzle plate, fast Special Applications, pp. 76-83 which is typically a Some control equipment 1993 Watanabe et al., polymer such as over nozzle required U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,604 polyimide or profile is Slow where polysulphone possible there are many Equipment thousands of required is nozzles per relatively low print head cost May produce thin burrs at exit holes Silicon A separate nozzle High accuracy Two part K. Bean, IEEE micro- plate is is attainable construction Transactions on Electron machined micromachined High cost Devices, Vol. ED-25, No. from single crystal Requires 10, 1978, pp 1185-1195 silicon, and bonded precision Xerox 1990 Hawkins et al., to the print head alignment U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181 wafer. Nozzles may be clogged by adhesive Glass Fine glass No expensive Very small 1970 Zoltan U.S. Pat. No. capillaries capillaries are drawn equipment nozzle sizes 3,683,212 from glass tubing. required are difficult to This method has Simple to make form been used for single nozzles Not suited for making individual mass nozzles, but is production difficult to use for bulk manufacturing of print heads with thousands of nozzles. Monolithic, The nozzle plate is High accuracy Requires Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 surface deposited as a layer (<1 μm) sacrificial layer A2 and related patent micro- using standard VLSI Monolithic under the applications machined deposition Low cost nozzle plate to USSN 09/112,751; using VLSI techniques. Nozzles Existing form the 09/112,787; 09/112,803; litho- are etched in the processes can nozzle 09/113,077; 09/113,061; graphic nozzle plate using be used chamber 09/112,815; 09/113,096; processes VLSI lithography Surface may 09/113,095; 09/112,809; and etching. be fragile to 09/113,083; 09/112,793; the touch 09/112,794; 09/113,128; 09/113,127; 09/112,756; 09/112,755; 09/112,754; 09/112,811; 09/112,813; 09/112,814; 09/112,764; 09/112,765; 09/112,767; 09/112,768; 09/112,807; 09/112,806; 09/112,820 Monolithic, The nozzle plate is a High accuracy Requires long USSN 09/112,802; etched buried etch stop in (<1 μm) etch times 09/113,097; 09/113,099; through the wafer. Nozzle Monolithic Requires a 09/113,084; 09/113,066; substrate chamhers are etched Low cost support wafer 09/112,778; 09/112,779; in the front of the No differential 09/112,818; 09/112,816; wafer, and the wafer expansion 09/112,772; 09/112,819; is thinned from the 09/113,068; 09/112,808; back side. Nozzles 09/112,780; 09/113,121; are then etched in 09/113,122 the etch stop layer. No nozzle Various methods No nozzles to Difficult to Ricoh 1995 Sekiya et al plate have heen tried to become clogged control drop U.S. Pat. No. 5,412,413 eliminate the position 1993 Hadimioglu et al EUP nozzles entirely, to accurately 550,192 prevent nozzle Crosstalk 1993 Elrod et al EUP clogging. These problems 572,220 include thermal bubble mechanisms and acoustic lens mechanisms Trough Each drop ejector Reduced Drop firing USSN 09/112,812 has a trough through manufacturing direction is which a paddle complexity sensitive to moves. There is no Monolithic wicking. nozzle plate. Nozzle slit The elimination of No nozzles to Difficult to 1989 Saito et al instead ol nozzle holes and become clogged control drop U.S. Pat. No. 4,799,068 individual replacement by a slit position nozzles encompassing many accurately actuator positions Crosstalk reduces nozzle problems clogging, but increases crosstalk due to ink surface waves

DROP EJECTION DIRECTION Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Edge Ink flow is along the Simple Nozzles Canon Bubblejet 1979 (‘edge surface of the chip, construction limited to edge Endo et al GB patent shooter’) and ink drops are No silicon High 2,007,162 ejected from the etching required resolution is Xerox heater-in-pit 1990 chip edge. Good heat difficult Hawkins et al U.S. Pat. No. sinking via Fast color 4,899,181 substrate printing Tone-jet Mechanically requires one strong print head per Ease of chip color handing Surface Ink flow is along the No bulk silicon Maximum ink Hewlett-Packard TIJ 1982 (‘roof surface of the chip, etching required flow is Vaught et al U.S. Pat. No. shooter’) and ink drops are Silicon can severely 4,490,728 ejected from the make an restricted USSN 09/112,787, chip surface, normal effective heat 09/113,077; 09/113,061; to the plane of the sink 09/113,095; 09/112,809 chip. Mechanical strength Through Ink flow is through High ink flow Requires bulk Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 chip, the chip, and ink Suitable for silicon etching A2 and related patent forward drops are ejected pagewidth print applications (‘up from the front heads USSN 09/112,803; shooter’) surface of the chip. High nozzle 09/112,815; 09/113,096; packing density 09/113,083; 09/112,793; therefore low 09/112,794; 09/113,128; manufacturing 09/113,127; 09/112,756; cost 09/112,755; 09/112,754; 09/112,811; 09/112,812; 09/112,813; 09/112,814; 09/112,764; 09/112,765; 09/112,767; 09/112,768; 09/112,807; 09/112,806; 09/112,820; 09/112,821 Through Ink flow is through High ink flow Requires wafer USSN 09/112,751; chip, the chip, and ink Suitable for thinning 09/112,802; 09/113,097; reverse drops are ejected pagewidth print Requires 09/113,099; 09/113,084; (‘down from the rear surface heads special 09/113,066; 09/112,778; shooter’) of the chip. High nozzle handling 09/112,779; 09/112,818; packing density during 09/112,816; 09/112,772; therefore low manufacture 09/112,819; manufacturing 09/113,068; 09/112,808; cost 09/112,780; 09/113,121; 09/113,122 Through Ink flow is through Suitable for Pagewidth Epson Stylus actuator the actuator, which piezoelectric print heads Tektronix hot melt is not fabricated as print heads require several piezoelectric ink jets part of the same thousand substrate as the connections to drive transistors. drive circuits Cannot be manufactured in standard CMOS fabs Complex assembly required

INK TYPE Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Aqueous, Water based ink Environmentally Slow drying Most existing ink jets dye which typically friendly Corrosive USSN 09/112,751; contains: water, dye, No odor Bleeds on 09/112,787; 09/112,802; surfactant, paper 09/112,803; 09/113,097; humectant, and May 09/113,099; 09/113,084; biocide. strikethrough 09/113,066; 09/112,778; Modern ink dyes Cockles paper 09/112,779; 09/113,077; have high water- 09/113,061; 09/112,818; fastness, light 09/112,816; 09/112,772; fastness 09/112,819; 09/112,815; 09/113,096; 09/113,068; 09/113,095; 09/112,808; 09/112,809; 09/112,780; 09/113,083; 09/113,121; 09/113,122; 09/112,793; 09/112,794; 09/113,128; 09/113,127; 09/112,756; 09/112,755; 09/112,754; 09/112,811; 09/112,812; 09/112,813; 09/112,814; 09/112,764; 09/112,765; 09/112,767; 09/112,768; 09/112,807; 09/112,806; 09/112,820; 09/112,821 Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 and related patent applications Aqueous, Water based ink Environmentally Slow drying USSN 09/112,787; pigment which typically friendly Corrosive 09/112,803; 09/112,808; contains: water, No odor Pigment may 09/113,122; 09/112,793; pigment, surfactant, Reduced bleed clog nozzles 09/113,127 humectant, and Reduced Pigment may Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 biocide. wicking clog actuator A2 and related patent Pigments have an Reduced mechanisms applications advantage in reduced strikethrough Cockles paper Piezoelectric ink-jets bleed, wicking and Thermal ink jets (with strikethrough. significant restrictions) Methyl MEK is a highly Very fast Odorous USSN 09/112,751; Ethyl volatile solvent used drying Flammable 09/112,787; 09/112,802; Ketone for industrial printing Prints on 09/112,803; 09/113,097; (MEK) on difficult suifaces various 09/113,099; 09/113,084; such as aluminum substrates such 09/113,066; 09/112,778; cans. as metals and 09/112,779; 09/113,077; plastics 09/113,061; 09/112,818; 09/112,816; 09/112,772; 09/112,819; 09/112,815; 09/113,096; 09/113,068; 09/113,095; 09/112,808; 09/112,809; 09/112,780; 09/113,083; 09/113,121; 09/113,122; 09/112,793; 09/112,794; 09/113,128; 09/113,127; 09/112,756; 09/112,755; 09/112,754; 09/112,811; 09/112,812; 09/112,813; 09/112,814; 09/112,764; 09/112,765; 09/112,767; 09/112,768; 09/112,807; 09/112,806; 09/112,820; 09/112,821 Alcohol Alcohol based inks Fast drying Slight odor USSN 09/112,751; (ethanol, can be usedwhere Operates at Flammable 09/112,787; 09/112,802; 2-butanol, the printer must sub-freezing 09/112,803; 09/113,097; and operate at temperatures 09/113,099; 09/113,084; others) temperatures below Reduced paper 09/113,066; 09/112,778; the freezing point of cockle 09/112,779; 09/113,077; water. An example of Low cost 09/113,061; 09/112,818; this is in-camera 09/112,816; 09/112,772; consumer 09/112,819; 09/112,815; photographic 09/113,096; 09/113,068; printing. 09/113,095; 09/112,808; 09/112,809; 09/112,780; 09/113,083; 09/113,121; 09/113,122; 09/112,793; 09/112,794; 09/113,128; 09/113,127; 09/112,756; 09/112,755; 09/112,754; 09/112,811; 09/112,812; 09/112,813; 09/112,814; 09/112,764; 09/112,765; 09/112,767; 09/112,768; 09/112,807; 09/112,806; 09/112,820; 09/112,821 Phase The ink is solid at No drying High viscosity Tektronix hot melt change room temperature, time-ink Printed ink piezoelectric ink jets (hot melt) and is melted in the instantly typically has a 1989 Nowak U.S. Pat. No. print head before freezes on the ‘waxy’ feel 4,820,346 jetting. Hot melt inks print medium Printed pages USSN 09/112,751; are usually wax Almost any may ‘block’ 09/112,787; 09/112,802; based, with a melting print medium Ink 09/112,803; 09/113,097; point around 80° C. can be used temperature 09/113,099; 09/113,084; After jetting the ink No paper may be above 09/113,066; 09/112,778; freezes almost cockle occurs the curie point 09/112,779; 09/113,077; instantly upon No wicking of permanent 09/113,061; 09/112,818; contacting the print occurs magnets 09/112,816; 09/112,772; medium or a transfer No bleed Ink heaters 09/112,819; 09/112,815; roller. occurs consume 09/113,096; 09/113,068; No power 09/113,095; 09/112,808; strikethrough Long warm-up 09/112,809; 09/112,780; occurs time 09/113,083; 09/113,121; 09/113,122; 09/112,793; 09/112,794; 09/113,128; 09/113,127; 09/112,756; 09/112,755; 09/112,754; 09/112,811; 09/112,812; 09/112,813; 09/112,814; 09/112,764; 09/112,765; 09/112,767; 09/112,768; 09/112,807; 09/112,806; 09/112,820; 09/112,821 Oil Oil based inks are High solubility High viscosity: USSN 09/112,751; extensively used in medium for this is a 09/112,787; 09/112,802; offset printing. They some dyes significant 09/112,803; 09/113,097; have advantages in Does not limitation for 09/113,099; 09/113,084; improved cockle paper use in ink jets, 09/113,066; 09/112,778; characteristics on Does not wick which usually 09/112,779; 09/113,077; paper (especially no through paper require a low 09/113,061; 09/112,818; wicking or cockle). viscosity. 09/112,816; 09/112,772; Oil soluble dies and Some short 09/112,819; 09/112,815; pigments are chain and 09/113,096; 09/113,068; required. multi-branched 09/113,095; 09/112,808; oils have a 09/112,809; 09/112,780; sufficiently 09/113,083; 09/113,121; low viscosity. 09/113,122; 09/112,793; Slow drying 09/112,794; 09/113,128; 09/113,127; 09/112,756; 09/112,755; 09/112,754; 09/112,811; 09/112,812; 09/112,813; 09/112,814; 09/112,764; 09/112,765; 09/112,767; 09/112,768; 09/112,807; 09/112,806; 09/112,820; 09/112,821 Micro- A microemulsion is a Stops ink bleed Viscosity USSN 09/112,751; emulsion stable, self forming High dye higher than 09/112,787; 09/112,802; emulsion of oil, solubility water 09/112,803; 09/113,097; water, and surfactant. Water, oil, and Cost is slightly 09/113,099; 09/113,084; The characteristic amphiphilic higher than 09/113,066; 09/112,778; drop size is less than soluble dies water based 09/112,779; 09/113,077; 100 nm, and is can be used ink 09/113,061; 09/112,818; determined by the Can stabilize High surfactant 09/112,816; 09/112,772; preferred curvature of pigment concentration 09/112,819; 09/112,815; the surfactant. suspensions required 09/113,096; 09/113,068; (around 5%) 09/113,095; 09/112,808; 09/112,809; 09/112,780; 09/113,083; 09/113,121; 09/113,122; 09/112,793; 09/112,794; 09/113,128; 09/113,127; 09/112,756; 09/112,755; 09/112,754; 09/112,811; 09/112,812; 09/112,813; 09/112,814; 09/112,764; 09/112,765; 09/112,767; 09/112,768; 09/112,807; 09/112,806; 09/112,820; 09/112,821 

I claim:
 1. A method of generating a printed image using a digital camera that includes: an image sensor for capturing an optical image as digital image data; memory for storing digital image data; a reader for receiving print media bearing data in printed form and for reading the instruction data from the print media; a processor operatively connected to the memory and reader, configured to control the camera and perform image manipulation operations on digital image data in the memory; and an inbuilt printer for printing the printed image based on digital image data in the memory; the method including the steps of: (a) receiving, in the reader, first print media, and reading camera control data printed on the first print media, the camera control data indicating that at least two further print media insertions are to be expected; (b) modifying, using the processor, a state of the device on the basis of the camera control data, such that the camera awaits at least two further print media insertions; (c) receiving, in the reader, the at least two further print media insertions, and reading image manipulation data printed on the inserted print media upon each of the further insertions; (d) manipulating digital image data stored in the memory at least partially on the basis of the image manipulation data, thereby to generate manipulated image data; and (e) generating, using the printer, the printed image based at least partially on the manipulated image data.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein step (d) is not performed until at least the two further insertions have taken place.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein step (d) is performed incrementally as each of the further print media are inserted into the reader and the corresponding image manipulation data is read.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the data printed on the print media is optically readable, and the reader includes an optical scanner for reading the print media inserted therein.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the data printed on the print media is encoded in a three-dimensional form.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein step (d) includes performing a series of manipulations sequentially on a digital image stored in memory, the series being determined by the order of the image manipulation data on the further inserted print media.
 7. A camera for generating a printed image, the camera including: an image sensor for capturing an optical image as a digital image; memory for storing digital image data; a reader for receiving print media bearing data in printed from and for reading the instruction data from the print media; a processor operatively connected to the memory and reader, configured to control the camera and perform image manipulation operations on digital image data in the memory; and an inbuilt printer for printing the printed image based on digital image data in the memory; the camera being programmed and configured to implement the method of claim
 1. 